RPP KIMIA (LESSON PLAN)

 CHEMISTRY TEACHING LEARNING STRATEGY

LESSON PLAN

PROBLEM POSING

Educational unit          : SMA Laboratorium

Subject                         : Chemistry

Class/Semester             : XI/2

Materials                      : Hess’ Law

By:

Mike Rahayu

109331417173

The Learning University

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG

MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

October, 2011

LESSON PLAN  FOR CHEMISTRY

Lesson Plan  : Enthalpy change in chemical reaction and its calculation

Educational unit          : SMA Laboratorium

Subject                         : Chemistry

Class/Semester             : XI/2

Materials                      : Hess’ Law

Time allocated             : 1 x 45 minutes

I.       Standard of competence       : Understanding the enthalpy change in chemical 

   reaction and its calculation

II.    Basic competence                   : Determine DH reaction by Hess’ law

III. Indicators

A.    Cognitive :

1.      Product

a.    Explaining the Hess’ law concept

b.   Calculating DH reaction by Hess’ law

2.      Process

a.       Doing question-answer method to understand Hess’ Law

b.      Doing discussion to make some question and answer with certain condition  given by teacher to explain Hess’ law calculation

B.     Affective :

1.      Characters

a.       Honest

b.      Confident

c.       Responsible

d.      Be careful

2.      Social skills

a.       Asking

b.      Contributing ideas

c.       Being a good listeners

d.      Communicating

IV. Objective

A.    Cognitive

1.      Product :

a.       Independently, the students can explain the Hess’ Law concept

b.      Independently, the students can calculate the DH reaction by Hess’ law concept

2.      Process

a.       Given a certain condition, the students can do discussion in a group to make a problem to explain DH reaction by  Hess’ law and its calculation

b.      Given a chance to exchange the problem made to the other group and discuss the answer by presenting in front of class.

B.     Affective

1.      Characters :

Involving in the students centered teaching and learning process. The students are evaluated in making progress of showing the caracteristics : honesty, responsibility, confident, being careful and the accuracy.

2.      Socials skills :

Involving in the students centered teaching and learning process. The student are evaluated in making progress of showing the caracteristics : asking, contributing ideas, being a good listeners and communicating.

           V.     Learning materials

Hess’ Law (concept law and calculation in stoiciometry)

        VI.     Learning and teaching material

Learning models : Problem Posing

Learning method: Discussion, presentation and question-answer

     VII.     Teaching and Learning Process

A.    Opening

Teacher activities	Student activities	Time alocated
1.      Open teaching and learning process by greetings and ask about condition of student and who is absent today 2.      Asking the student about the last lesson and motivating the students by giving example of Hess’ law in daily life. 3.      Communicating the learning objectives, learning model, products, process, social skills and characters.	Answer greeting and question Pay attention for teacher explanation Pay attention for teacher explanation	5 minutes

B.     Main

Teacher activities	Student activities	Time alocated
1.      Giving the learning materials by question-answer method. 2.      Giving example of  problem solving and giving chance for student to ask the teacher if not understand yet 3.      Organizing the students into 2 group, every group consist of 3 students. 4.      Giving  condition and require the students to make problem and answer  from this condition. 5.      Giving chance for student to exchange their problem and solve the problem with their group. 6.      Identification the problem of group and discussed the answer while assessment 7.      Giving the rewards to the group which is good in this learning process. 8.      Giving quiz 9.      Asking some students to make conclusions about Hess’ law	Pay attention and active in catechize method Pay attention for teacher explanation Form group make problem from a given condition in a group Student exchange and disscus problem from another group Presenting their answer. Pay attention for teacher explanation Doing the quiz Pay attention for it Pay attention and active	7 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes 3 minutes 5 minutes

C.    Closing

Teacher activities	Student activities	Time alocated
1.      Require student to study carefully about material in next lesson 2.      Closing with greeting	Pay attention for teacher explanation Answer greeting	5 minutes

  VIII.     Learning Source

1.      Student quiz

2.      Key of quiz

3.      Chemistry book XI grade

        IX.     Learning Media

1.      Slide

2.      Handout

3.      White board

4.      Marker

           X.     Assessment

1.      Cognitive

·         Assessment of making question

Group	Component	Grade				Score	Grades
		1	2	3	4

Assessment of making question

-          Statement                                                              score 0

-          Non mathematic question                                     score 1

-          Unfinishable mathematic question                        score 1

-          Finishable mathematic question                            score 2

      GRADE =        x 100

·         Discussion assessment

Number of question	Key answer	Score
1	Perfect and true answer Answer approach true False answer	3 2 1
2	Perfect and true answer Answer approach true False answer	3 2 1
3	Perfect and true answer Answer approach true False answer	3 2 1
4	Perfect and true answer Answer approach true False answer	3 2 1

           

Group answer assessment  

FINAL GRADE :         × 100

2.      Affective

NO	GROUP	ASPECT	(76 –100 )	(50 –75)	(26 –49)	(0 –25 )	GRADE
1	I	Student being active
		Student togetherness
		Answer accuracy
2	II	Student being active
		Student togetherness
		Answer accuracy

EXPLANATION

76 – 100: Very good

26    – 75 : Good

26 – 49  : Less good

0        – 25 : Not good

Individual capability test

Write test          : can got from individual test.

Activeness        : capable reveal opinion and ask a question when discussion  

            Malang,   1 October 2011

                 Understand,                                                                       Chemistry teacher

Lecturer

Prof.  Srini M. Iskandar M.Sc. Ph.D                                                    Mike Rahayu

WORK SHEET

(Hess’ Law)

Group                         : 1

Member                      : 1. ................................

                                      2. ................................

                                      3. ................................

                                   

Instruction  : Make 2 question with your group  base on this condition in 8 minutes !

                  

Known :        

1.      H₂O(l)             H₂(g) + 1/2O₂(g)           DH=+285kJ    

H₂(g) + 1/2O₂(g)           H₂O(g)            DH= -243 kJ

H₂O(l)          H₂O(s)                             DH= -7 kJ

H₂O(s)          H₂O(g)                            DH= +49 kJ

                       

     

WORK SHEET

(Hess’ Law)

Group                         : 2

Member                      : 1. ................................

                                      2. ................................

                                      3. ................................

                                   

Instruction  : Make  2 question with your group  base on this condition in 8 minutes !

                  

Known :        

1.      Cu(s) + 2Ag(aq)            Cu²⁺(aq) + Ag(s)             DH= -148 kJ

Zn(s) +2Ag(aq)             Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)              DH= -363 kJ

Zn(s) + Cu²⁺(aq)           Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)              DH=  -215 kJ

                       

     

 SCENARIO

Teacher : Assalamualaikum student.

Student  : Wallaikumsalam ma’am.

Teacher   : Good morning everybody,  how are you today?

Student  : Good morning ma’am, I’m fine, thank you.

Teacher   : Ok, before we start our lesson today, let’s pray together.

Student  : (praying)

Teacher   : finish. I will check your presence. Anybody’s absent today?

Student : No one absent today ma’am.

Teacher : Good, Ok before we start our lesson, I  want ask you about last meeting.  Anyone still remember about enthalpy?

Student    : Yes ma’am,

Teacher    : What is it?

Student    : Enthalpy is the heat content of a system.

Teacher    : yes, that’s right. And how many kinds of reaction based on the enthalpy change?

Student    : there are two kinds of reaction mom, exothermic and endothermic one.

Teacher    : Good, so what is the difference of them?

Student    : A reaction in which the energy is released to the surrounding is called exothermic reaction, reactants have higher enthalpy of product, and DH<0. And a reaction in which energy is absorbed from he surrounding is called endothermic reaction, products have higher enthalpy than reactant, and DH>0.

Teacher    : Excellent. I’m sure that all of you still remember that one. Ok, let’s move on to the next one. Have you read this topic at home?

Student    : Yes ma’am, of course

Teacher    :  ok, let’s check, what is Hess’ Law state?

Student    : In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of product, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction take places in one step or in series of steps

Teacher    : Excellent, anyone has another answer?

Student    : No ma’am.

Teacher    : Ok, let’s check. Pay attention with this power point.

Student    : (pay attention).

Teacher    : Enthalpy is a state function. What is it?

Student    : State function is a variable or property whose value depends only on the initial and final states of the system, not on the path taken by the system to get from the initial to the final states.

Teacher    : Very good. In 18840, Mr. Henry Hess, a Russian chemist published his law called Hess’ Law. And, Hess’s law states that “In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of product, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction take places in one step or in series of steps” you can pay attention with this picture (on ppt)

Student    : (pay attention)

Teacher    : Suppose you go from Malang to Jakarta twice by two trains with different routes as shown in this picture. Malang is 445 m above the sea level, whereas Jakarta is 25 m above the sea level. In this case, you’re “the system” and your position above the sea level is a state function. Because your position is a state function, the change in your position when you travel from Kotabaru Railway Station in Malang to Gambir Railway station in Jakarta is independent of the route you take. Your position becomes 430  lower when you go from from Kotabaru Railway Station in Malang to Gambir Railway station in Jakarta irrespective of the routes of trip you take.

Student    : Yes, I see ma’am.

Teacher    : any question?

Student    : no ma’am

Teacher    : Good, if I have a condition like this one, so, how much the enthalpy changes?

Student    ; (answer the question)

Teacher gives some sample of problem.

Teacher    : very good, student. Any body has question?

Student    : no ma’am.

Teacher    : ok, because there are no question, I’m sure that all of you have understood. I’ll give you a certain condition. And you have to make a problem based on the condition given. I’ll divide you into 2 group, the first group are Iska, Redi and Fitri. And the second group are Binti, Evi, and Arisa.. Let’s join on your group.

Student    : ok ma’am. (join a group)

Teacher    : This is the assignment, make (give the work sheet)

Student    : (do a discussion)

Teacher : Ok. Time is up, please exchange your problem with another group. And every group must discuss and solve problem from another group,

Teacher : Ok now, please group 1 present their discussion result. Please group that make the problem pay attention.

(discussion and presentation)

Teacher : Ok, all presentation has finished. Anyone still confuse with this topic?

Student    : No mom.

Teacher    : Good. Because all of group doing the discussion very well, give applause to all of us. To check your comprehension about Hess’ law deeply, I’ll give you a quiz. 5 minutes is enough I think,

Student    : (do the quiz)

Teacher    : time is up, please submit the quiz.

                   So, what conclusion that we can get from this topic?

Student : In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of product, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction take places in one step or in series of steps

Teacher : excellent. I think that’s all for today. Don’t forget to study about the next topic. It’s very nice to see you when you already study about next topic.

Student : yes mom

Teacher : see you next Friday

Student : see you mom.

WATER INTOXICATION

Can You Drink Too Much Water?

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide

Question: Can You Drink Too Much Water?

Answer: You've probably heard that it's important to 'drink plenty of fluids' or simply 'drink lots of water'. There are excellent reasons for drinking water, but have you ever wondered if it's possible to drink too much water. Here's what you need to know:

Can You Really Drink Too Much Water?

In a word, yes. Drinking too much water can lead to a condition known as water intoxication and to a related problem resulting from the dilution of sodium in the body, hyponatremia. Water intoxication is most commonly seen in infants under six months of age and sometimes in athletes. A baby can get water intoxication as a result of drinking several bottles of water a day or from drinking infant formula that has been diluted too much. Athletes can also suffer from water intoxication. Athletes sweat heavily, losing both water and electrolytes. Water intoxication and hyponatremia result when a dehydrated person drinks too much water without the accompanying electrolytes.

What Happens During Water Intoxication?

When too much water enters the body's cells, the tissues swell with the excess fluid. Your cells maintain a specific concentration gradient, so excess water outside the cells (the serum) draws sodium from within the cells out into the serum in an attempt to re-establish the necessary concentration. As more water accumulates, the serum sodium concentration drops -- a condition known as hyponatremia. The other way cells try to regain the electrolyte balance is for water outside the cells to rush into the cells via osmosis. The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration is called osmosis. Although electrolytes are more concentrated inside the cells than outside, the water outside the cells is 'more concentrated' or 'less dilute' since it contains fewer electrolytes. Both electrolytes and water move across the cell membrane in an effort to balance concentration. Theoretically, cells could swell to the point of bursting.

From the cell's point of view, water intoxication produces the same effects as would result from drowning in fresh water. Electrolyte imbalance and tissue swelling can cause an irregular heartbeat, allow fluid to enter the lungs, and may cause fluttering eyelids. Swelling puts pressure on the brain and nerves, which can cause behaviors resembling alcohol intoxication. Swelling of brain tissues can cause seizures, coma and ultimately death unless water intake is restricted and a hypertonic saline (salt) solution is administered. If treatment is given before tissue swelling causes too much cellular damage, then a complete recovery can be expected within a few days.

It's Not How Much You Drink, It's How Fast You Drink It!

The kidneys of a healthy adult can process fifteen liters of water a day! You are unlikely to suffer from water intoxication, even if you drink a lot of water, as long as you drink over time as opposed to intaking an enormous volume at one time. As a general guideline, most adults need about three quarts of fluid each day. Much of that water comes from food, so 8-12 eight ounce glasses a day is a common recommended intake. You may need more water if the weather is very warm or very dry, if you are exercising, or if you are taking certain medications. The bottom line is this: it's possible to drink too much water, but unless you are running a marathon or an infant, water intoxication is a very uncommon condition. 

THAT DREAM IS BACK

I'm an ordinary person, sometimes feel I can fly and ever feel that I'm in the darkest place. yesterday I feel so bad. Everything run so fast and I still can't follow this. IAs we know that one thing that we can't handle in this world is a change. everybody always change in every tiny time, and that happen to me.

I remember several month ago when my mom asked me to join in regular social gathering whose members contribute to and take turns at winning an aggregate sum of money. the money that I can get is quite big for a student like me. I said to my mom that it would be take a long time to pay back all of the money that I would get. But, my mom said "why? 4 years later you will be in abroad?" I never think that my mom has a big hope for me to continue my study in abroad. and as long as I do my job as a student, I think that is not a simple thing to continue my study abroad. My TOEFL score is quite low, my skill in chemistry just can pass the exam. That's like I must hike the highest mountain in the world. Tha's very hurt me when i feel I can't make my parent happy. 

yesterday, as usual, facebook is my daily life. allmost everyday I open my facebook. And yesterday I added one of my older siste who study in Australia to get her P.hD. wowowowo,, I saw herpicture in many background of australia. That's very wonderful. I see that it will be something new to be like her. Go to the other work ang communicate with definitely different people. After that, I feel that I'm not too late to prepare everything to reach my dream. Go abroad, reach my dream, and make my parent happy. I still can't pay back what all of my parent have given to me. and I thing it is one of many way that I can make my parent cry. Crying of me because of my success.

Ya Allah, You're the greatest one.everything is in your controll. I know tha You will be get the best for me. I hope that one day I can make my parent proud of me. :D

HOPELESS PLACE

HOPELESS PLACE is a song of Rihanna. This song is very energic and can make our spirit on fire. but, I don't know with what I feel now. this hearth like want to be explode. I ever hear that every people need some people to live and have an interaction among them. But, I think it is just a bullshit. I think that I can stay live without any people in my surrounding. And that's right, but I feel that I'am like a zombie. I can breath, my blood can flow and suply some food to all of my cell, but I think I'm in a hopeless place now. Something dark, in the deepest side. Just me, and face so many pressure.

REmember several day ago, when I feel this feeling, it's very nice can laugh like there is nothing wrong happened. Forget every bad moment and just remember the best moment. It's not about I love you or something about special relationship. I just want tell this feeling to you. That I feel so hopeless.

I think I never be like this. I am the independent one, who can handle everything by myself. But, at last, I realize that too impossible for me to handle everything.

ya Allah, give me a strength to face all of this. Always give me the best. because I'm sure that You never lacks of ways to show Your miracle. :D

Analytical

this is my final assignment in  analytical chemistry. hope that it will be useful for you;D

SEPARATION OF ALKALOID IN JOHAR LEAF’S (Cassia siamea Lamk) USING EXTRACTION

I.            INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a country with tropical climate. As a consequence, Indonesia has rich and varied flora. Local people have a long tradition of using plants for medicinal purposes and they are still utilising them. However, most of the plants have not been studied chemically and pharmacologically, and there is great potential for the isolation of novel, maturally-occuring bioactive compounds.

The leaves of Cassia siamea Lamk or commonly named by daun johar had been used as plant medicine, especially traditional drug. It is usually used by some people to overcome malaria diseases. Traditional use of Johar leaf againts malaria disease may be effective to kill the malaria parasites. It also can used to wash the injury and incentive the appetite. Based on the research Cassia siamea leaves contain sitosterol, lignin, para kumarat acid, kuinon, and alkaloid (Astuti, 2010).

One kind of separation method can use to separate alkanoid from Johar leaf’s is extraction. Basically, extraction used the difference of solubility of solute in two liquids phase which doesn’t soluble each other. Generally extraction is a attraction process of a solute in its solution in water by the other solvent which doesn’t dissolve in water. In this case, we will separate alkaloid from Johar (Cassia siamea) leaf.  

II.            DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The leaf of Cassia siamea Lamk usually used by some people to overcome malaria diseases. Traditional use of johar leaf againts malaria disease may be effective to kill the malaria parasites or to reduce fever, because people who are suffering from malaria produce fever. Malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is one of the leading infectious diseases in many tropical regions (Adebayo and Krettli, 2010). It also can used to wash the injury and incentive the appetite.

Alkaloids have diverse structures and many show a range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial activity. They are also normally readily separable from the other plant metabolites as a result of their basicity (Hadi and Bremmer, 2001). Almost alkaloid has certain pharmacological reactivity. Some alkaloid is poisoning, and the other is very useful in medical treatment. In human, alkaloid is used to reduce the fever, painful, blood pressure and tumor activity (Henry in Astuti, 2010). In plant, alkaloid is used to metabolism, self protection from insects, parasite, fungi, and bacteri. It also used to reduce or accelerate the growth (Schlitter in Astuti, 2010)

Most of alkaloid has polycyclic skeleton which contain atom C, O, N, H, and the other. This compound can be found in  solid state, amorf, and almost colourless solution. Alkaloid with complex structure and aromatic has colour, like berberine and betanine has yellow colour (Henry in Astuti, 2010).Generally alkaloid is base and soluble in organic solvent. This base properties based on the existence of lone pair in functional group of nitrogen which bond with nitrogen, and it’s aromaticity (Achmad in Astuti, 2010)

                         Picture 1: Molecular structure of alkaloid

III.            METHODE OF EXPERIMENT

Based on the literature, materials and method used is:

A.    Equipments

1.      Beaker glass

2.      Mortar and pestle

3.      Filter paper

4.      Evaporating dish

5.      Oven

B.     Materials

1.      Cassia Senea Lamk leaf

2.      Methanol

3.      Acetic acid 5%

4.      Chloroform

5.      Water(aquades)

6.      Sodium carbonate

C.     Method

1.      100 gram of Johar leaf are grinded by mortar and pestle.

2.      Soak or submerged in methanol.

3.      Filter the filtrate by filter paper

4.      Evaporate in temperature 40⁰C until dry

5.      Dried in oven in temperature 40⁰C as long 48 hours

6.      Added by acetic acid 5% until produce alkaloid salt which is soluble in water, the colour of solution turn brown.

7.      Extract the alkaloid salt by chloroform until get the colourless solution in chloroform, and solution in water phase is brown.

8.      Added sodium carbonate to attract the alkaloid salt until PH is 10 and the colour is red brownish.

9.      Extract again by chloroform until there is no alkaloid in water.

10.  Evaporate the organic solvent (chloroform) until get the brown precipitate.

IV.            DATA ANALYSIS

In the second procedure, we soak or submerged the Johar leaf powder to dissolve all the organic compound contained in this powder in organic compound, methanol. Extract of methanol got is filtered to avoid the big particle of solution. This extract is green brownish. Then we evaporate it in oven and in temperature 40⁰C in order to evaporate the methanol. The temperature is quite low because alkaloid is easy to damage in high temperature. 

The extract contains many organic compound. To separate the organic compound from alkaloid we used acetic acid 5%. Alkaloid will react with acetic acid produce alkaloid salt, and the other organic compound will react with acetic acid to produce organic salt. The colour of solution changes into brown. Alkaloid is polar, so it can soluble in water. The organic salt will soluble in organic compound, so we can separate the organic salt and alkaloid salt by the difference of solubility in water and organic compound.

The organic solvent use to separate the alkaloid salt and organic salt is chloroform. Organic salt will soluble in chloroform, and the alkaloid salt will soluble in water. This extraction is doing several times until the colour in organic phase is colourless, and the colour in water phase is brown. That means all of the organic salt is soluble in chloroform and alkaloid salt soluble in water phase.

To attract the alkaloid from its salt, we add base because adding of base can form pure alkaloid. Base we used is sodium carbonate. We add sodium carbonate until the pH is 10 because most of alkaloid can be extracted in this pH. The colour of this solution is red brownish.

This solution will be extract again by organic solvent. Organic solvent used is chloroform, because alkaloid (not alkaloid salt) will soluble in organic solvent. From the last extraction, we will get the pure alkaloid. After extraction, the organic phase is evaporated in temperature 40⁰C. The alkaloid extract is brown.

V.            CONCLUSION

In this extraction of alkaloid in Johar leaf or Cassia siamea Lamk, we use methanol, chloroform and water as the solvent. Methanol is used to extract all of the organic compound. Chloroform is used to extract the organic salt and pure alkaloid. Water is used to extract the alkaloid salt. Acetic acid is added to produce the organic salt and alkaloid salt which can separate by chloroform. Adding of Sodium carbonate is in order to reach pH 10, so all of pure alkaloid can be attracted from it salt.

VI.            REFRRENCES

Adebayo, J. O., and Krettli, A.U,. 2011. Potential antimalarials from Nigerian Plants: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol 133, issue 2, pages 289-302.

Astuti, Yuni. 2010. Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Karakterisasi Alkaloid dari Kulit Kayu Johar (Cassia siamea Lamk)(pdf).(Online). http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/26027/Yuni%20Astuti%20(TM).pdf accesed on 17 december 2011.

Hadi, Surya and Bremmer, John B,. 2001. Initial Studies on Alkaloids from Lombok Medicinal Plants (pdf). Wollongong: Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Australia.

Jumpatong, Kanlaya., Phutdawong, Weerachai., Buddhasukh, Duang. 2006. Dechlorophyllation by Electrocoagulation (pdf). Molecules 2006,11,156-162.

Riza, Fauziyah. Isolation and Identification the chemical Component from Active Mucolytic Fraction of Johar Leaf (Cassia siamea Lamk). Bandung: IPB.

Analytical Coverage

ANALYTICAL COVERAGE

            Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In the other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exist.Analytical chemists perform qualitative and quantitaive analysis, use the science of sampling, defining, isolating, concentrating and  preserving samples, set errors limits, validate and verify results through calibration and standarization. They also perform separation by differential chemical properties, create new way to make a measurement, interpret data in proper context and communicate the result.

            Analytical chemistry are employeed in all aspects of chemical research in industry, academia, and government. They do basic laboratory research, develop processes and products, design instruments used in analytical analysis. Teach, and work in marketing and law. Analytical chemistry has many contribution to many fields of science.

1.      Content Analysis

Content analysis is the main section of analytical chemistry. Content analysis will investigate about “what is the component contain in a sample” and “how much the contents present in the sample”. So, we can say that there are two analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis will give the information about what kind of compound contain in the sample. Quantitative analysis will give information about the quantity of each compound contained in the sample. It also investigate the separation of matter by simple method or classical separation method and some modern separation method using non mechanical engine.Most of the separation is based on physical properties. Some of separation alsoby chemical reaction.

2.      Structural Analysis

Stryuctural analysis is development of question “what is the component contain in a sample”.Stuctural analysis determine by the modern analytical chemistry like mass spectrometry, GC-MS,  LC-MS, and NMR. In this part, we can determine the chemical stucture of chemical uncharacterised substance. We know deeper about the physical and chemical properties of each compound contained in the sample.

3.      Distribution Analysis

Distribution analysis usually used in heterogenous materials. Materials contain more than one substance will have different concentration in every parts of materials. If we know the parts which has highest concentration of certain substances, the separation process will be more efficient in time and work. Beside that, distribution analysis can be described as three dimentional, and the expansion of distribution analysis is on the study of science area. It very useful in develop new material which more useful.

4.      Process Analysis

Processs anlytical chemistry is similar to process analytical technology, it has a origins as a specialized form of analytical chemistry used for process manufacturing. Process analytical chemistry is the aplication of  analytical chemistry with specialized techniques, algorithms, and sampling equipment for solving problems related to chemical processes. The chemical processes are for production abd quality control of manufactured products, and process anlytical technology is used to determine the physical and chemycal properties of the desired products during a manufacturing process.

     Process analysis initially involved sampling the variety of process streams or webs and transporting samples to quality control or central analytical service laboratories. Time delay for analytical results due to sample transport and analytical preparation step negated the value of many chemical analyses for purposes other than product release. Over time it was understood that real-time measurements provided timely information about a process, which was for more useful for high efficiency and quality.The development of development of real-time process amalysis has provided information for process optimization during any manufacturing process.

Source:

American Social Society.  Analytical Chemistry. Accesed  in: http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=1188&content_id=CTP_003375&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=d7dcf1d4-e8df-48f4-a171-239d804db774

David Harvey. Modern Analytical Chemistry. (Pdf).  Accesed in http://www.dr-hanadi.com/upload/Modern.pdf

Wikipedia team. Process Analytical Chemistry. Accesed in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_analytical_chemistry

Sebuah pengakuan

I DON'T KNOW WHAT IS IN MY MIND
EVEN AT THAT TIME YOU LIED TO ME
AND I STILL THINK THAT YOU'RE THE BEST LIAR WHO I EVER KNOW...

THIS FEELING CAN'T BE REMOVE
MAYBE IT WAS AND WILL BE
ALTHOUGH THAT I KNOW THAT YOU ALREADY HAPPY IN THERE
WITH THE PERSON WHO LOVES YOU SO MUCH
WITH THE PERSON WHO CAN TAKE CARE OF YOU ALL DAY LONG
HAVE SO MANY TIMES BESIDES YOU

HAVE YOU EVER THINK THAT IT'S TOO DIFFICULT TO DO
THIS SMILE IS LIKE A POISON FOR ME
IN FRONT OF YOU I CAN BE NOTHING
JUST PRETEND THAT I DON'T NEED YOU
PRETEND THAT MY LIVE IS PERFECT WITHOUT YOU

YOU'RE THE ONLY ONE CAN UNDERSTAND ME WELL
AS I KNOW,, SOMETIMES I CAN'T UNDERSTAND MYSELF
BUT YOU ALWAYS CAN MAKE FEEL BETTER
WHATEVER THE CONDITION IS MAKE CRAZY
WHATEVER THE CONDITION MAKE ME FEEL DOWN TO THE DEEPEST PLACE
BUT, HEAR YOUR VOICE MAKES ME FEELS NOTHING WRONGS IS HAPPEN

IF ONLY I CAN SAY THIS FEELING TO YOU
MAYBE ALL OF THIS FUCKING THING CAN BE EASIER TO REPAIR
BUT YOU KNOW THAT SAY THIS IS THE DIFFICULT THINGS FOR ME

YOU ARE THE BEST ONE
THE BEST THAT I HAVE WASTED